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The harmonic series is the series of overtones of a fundamental pitch, so if the fundamental frequency is f then the frequencies in the harmonic series are f, 2f, 3f, 4f, 5f,... and of course double the frequency means one octave higher. Other ratios correspond more or less precisely to diatonic intervals - for instance 3:2 corresponds to a perfect fifth. However, apart from the 2:1 ratio for an octave, the intervals do not correspond exactly to intervals within equal temparement.