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"Diatonic" means using only notes from the scale being worked with. In C major, the notes of C major. A perfect fourth is the span of five semitones, for example from the fifth scale degree in the major scale to the tonic. A perfect 4:3 resonance is a perfect fourth interval of approximately 498 cents and relates to the Pythagoras tuning which has eleven just fifths and (inverted) fourths and one hideously discordant fifth/fourth known as the wolf interval. In twelve-tone equal temperament all fifths are almost two cents flat and all fourths sharp by the same amount which causes them to beat slightly.