@Gustav Johnson Take a look at this page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_form
There are many examples of cyclic form if you consider it widely. I mean, using and recycling material from one part to the others, not strictly at the beginning of each part.
That ancient mass is a good example of what was asked here. I suppose the intention is to "limit" the resources and make it something interesting.
and @Tónskáld I don't think anyone's really used to writing anything like this, even me, so judges are definitely gonna be more lenient with things regarding form!
You're right: it is not a theme in variations. Gustav, you're in the right headspace; your example would definitely be a good example of what we're going for.
Can't really help - that's a good start, innit? because I can't see how the term "vector" fits in (which traditionally is an attribute/movement having magnitude and specific direction). It seems to have been borrowed by all kinds of things though to mean something different and lend them an air of authority. I've been composing music for some time, well aware of intervals and their inversions (how can one not be?!) but never had to classify them or consider more of a trajectory except in movement to the next (musical) event: chord? note?
But there's a department somewhere that comes up with this sort of minutiae and no doubt there'll be students of same who can answer your question and explain exactly why "vector" to me.
(I believe I need enough theory to do what I have to do compositionally, no more!)