I watched 2 lectures, the first and the last (the latter speeded up to x1.25) but could have missed much on eclecticism – and stopped when he started on Mahler.
Interesting and informative from a renowned master.
But I wasn’t convinced about his dichotomy existing into the time of his lecture let alone beyond. Ok, it’s a viewpoint thing. Yes, there was a crisis and there was a split. Culturally in continental Europe there were a few splits around then – in art, in literature, architecture – must have been a right turmoil - the craving to break established boundaries.
Schoenberg’s basic ideas were expanded into the 1950s with total serialism, and there were aleatoric processes and electronic techniques. But by the late 60s all but electronics had started to fade out. A German journal, Die Reihe (the row or series) dealt with musical developments between 1955 and 1965 when it seemed past its sell-by. So in 1973, the year of Bernstein’s lectures, the distinction between atonal, serial and tonal music were still fairly distinct in the ears of musicologists but to UK composers they were already blurred. Composers here tried them out then mostly dropped them or blended them with other approaches. Very few achieved “pure” atonality. I think Tippet was the only one. People like Searle and Birtwistle did some serial work and Lutyens blended her brand of serial with chromatic tonality.
Bernstein goes into some detail about “the split” although I think it was Schoenberg who split off really. Stravinsky went on doing what he did with The Rite, then realising he’d never beat that returned to classicism. Most others outside Europe went on in their separate ways. Interesting that Bernstein notes how Schoenberg never lost the pull of tonality giving the reason as the continued use of the same 12 notes used by tonal composers. He also confessed that Schoenberg had to revert to established musical semantics to do it.
Quoting from Bernstein’s 5th lecture, he says after the ‘crisis’, composers “Write out of the same need for newer and greater semantic richness, they are all, whether tonal or nontonal, motivated by the same drive: the power of expressivity (agreed), the drive to expand music’s metaphorical speech (disagree).” That suggests that composers’ drives are to expand music’s metaphorical speech. But it could be vice versa: the drive could be to prioritise self-expression and to heck with metaphorical speech. Like, let’s not worry about rules, syntax and who’s done what. Just do it and if moments of tonality or serial emerge, so what? Pulling just the right sound out of the air or what-have-you, overrides anything else, perhaps altering the entire course of a composition. (Sadly, a luxury not allowed college students while they learn procedures.)
As for eclectism, I think there’s a big difference between composers who choose to write in various established styles drawn from their styles kitbag; and those who compose and innately draw on what, to an outside observer, happen to be different styles, but of which the composer is not fully aware. In the latter case, eclecticism doesn’t strictly apply for me.
I felt, overall, that Bernstein over-analyses. I'm unsure that's a good thing. The more you pull individual creations to pieces, the more exceptions you find.